Preventing Effects of Global Warming

Preventing Effects of Global Warming Rachel Tomsett How can we as a species prevent the continued effects of global warming and to what extent has irreversible damage already occurred? Global warming, also known as climate change, describes the rising temperature of the atmosphere and ocean. Throughout all of earth’s history climate has been a very fluctuate factor (for example the ice age). However if you take into account how much organisms on earth have evolved into their stable habitats and how each one depends on their habitats to survive, fluctuations will be much more harmful now, especially to humanity and the animals humanity relies on e.g. Honeybees. The main cause of global warming is thought to be the result of humanities actions, for example; Co2 emissions (from cars and other transport) interfering with the O-zone layer causing, Deforestation in rainforests (from workers creating space for cattle grazing) and Farming (many fertilizers contain nitrous oxide which is harmful to the O-zone layer, and sheep/cattle produce large amounts of methane which is also a harmful greenhouse chemical). In the century atmospheric temperature has risen ~1à ¢-à ‚ ¦ F and Oceanic temperature ~0.18à ¢- ¦F (1). Whereas this may not have an immediate effect; in the future this will cause extreme weather conditions such as droughts, wildfire and mass flooding/intense rainstorms. Although to an extent we can already see this beginning to happen, for example if we look into the statistics of how many acres of land per year are destroyed by wildfire (see figure 1) we can clearly see an incline in the more recent years as Co2 emissions and temperature also increase( see fig. 2). This would make sense as dryer conditions make an easier/quicker path for fire to spread. However looking into the source of figure one we can see updated statistics which indicate a drop in the number of wildfires after this graph was made, although this could be due to human intervention and preservation methods. As well as being a mass inconvenience for humanity these effects could also be very damaging to other species on earth, this is why scientists are focused on looking into/exploring alternative methods to try and lessen the rate of climate change. If conditions were to change too much or too rapidly many species would not be able to survive or adapt into this new climate and in relation we may see a mass bottle neck in species, or in the most extreme cases; extinction. On the other hand we may see a certain species flourish and grow in this new environment which may lead to a tip/collapse in an eco-system which would cause other species to suffer. Not to mention if climate change carries on at the rate it’s climbing earth may soon be inhospitable to humanity, our future generations. Although scientists know global warming is irreversible there are still certain methods humanity can adapt to lessen the rate. For example scientists have been looking into alternate energy to try and encourage more people to switch from fossil fuelled energy to a more eco-friendly and renewable energy sources. 21.3 billion tons of CO2 (carbon dioxide) are produced by the burning of fossil fuels per year (2), which obviously contributes to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and in turn further damages the O-zone layer but these new energy sources use natural methods which are easily replenished such as; solar energy, wind energy and hydro energy which do not produce any harmful emissions. This is obviously a great solution to lessen the rate of climate change; if more people started using these methods of energy we could cut emissions down by the masses and slow the rate of Global warming a considerable amount. These solutions are relevant in the fact that they don’t r elease greenhouse gases and harness natural power without any mass destruction and harm to the environment and habitat around it.   However methods such as these are expensive and aren’t as cost effective as non-renewable sources, so economically it is not the best choice, especially for poorer countries. On the other hand because non-renewable sources are coming close to running out (unless new sources/mines are found), the price for nonrenewable energy is beginning to climb higher and higher (due to less availability and more demand), which in turn (and partly due to advancing technology) basic renewable energy sources are becoming cheaper and more obtainable, for instance towns people may choose to have a certain number of solar panels on their roof due to the declining prices (see fig 4). In just one year the price for 16 solar panels to be installed has gone from  £15000 to  £7500 which is a 50% saving (see Fig. 3). However methods on a larger scale, for example wind farms, (to generate a substantial amount of energy) would need anywhere between a dozen or hundreds (see fig. 5). Which obviousl y, again, would costs a great amount and not many countries could afford them leading to more economical problems; especially since sometimes they come with instillation prices and taxes. One environmental problem that would face the panels is in countries like the UK. The weather is extremely variable and sunlight is at its most intense in summer when less energy is needed, say for heating because the weather is warmer and for lighting because the days are longer in summer. ‘The ratio between summer and winter inputs is unfavorable’. However other countries like France and USA have a much more constant input. (3). A social/economic problem with solar panels is that if one would want to produce energy on a larger scale the panels would need to be in a very large place with access to sunlight. These are called Photovoltaic power stations (or solar farms). The placing also contributes to how much power these panels generate; the slope of the location, the axis in which the panel is mounted on, hemisphere, ect. This of course will take up large amounts of field space that may have been previously used for farming (see fig 6) or recreation. In which case the farmer of company could see a loss in profit from the missing land (as farming can’t be done under these panels unlike wind farms) and the civilians could argue that the land is being wasted. As far as the panels effect on human life, past the implications, are next to none. However, other wildlife which may have resided in the open space before it became a solar farm will have had their habitat destroyed and would have had to migrate so mewhere else, which would cause a disturbance to the wildlife. Another implication of renewable energy is a social issue based around Wind farms, many people oppose having wind farms/ turbines around their homes/towns. Theresa Groth and Christine Vogt have done a study (4) in which they mailed a questionnaire to different town and counties to gather an idea of what the general opinion is on Wind turbines and their usefulness, many responded to the questionnaire by saying turbine placement near their residence increased uncertainty and concern of them, next to no one focusing on the positive outcomes like clean energy/no emissions. Others claim that the visual appearance of the turbines ruins the landscape. As for the actual risk to humans from these wind farms a report was published in 2007 by the U.S. National research Council (5),  it concluded that although low-frequency vibrations are not well understood in their relation/effect on humans, and that of course sensitivity to the vibrations varies greatly among people, wind turbines would not be a major concern/threat to people beyond a half-mile. Of course there are still people/scientists who disagree but further research need to be done on Humans and their sensitivity to low frequency vibrations/noise. And for the effect on other living organisms beside humans; ground animals such as cattle and grounded wildlife (deer/badgers) do not seem to mind the turbines and carry on with grazing/hunting (see fig. 6). However, flying wildlife e.g. birds and bats seem to have a higher mortality rate around areas with wind turbines, presumably due to flying into the structure or spinning blades. However according to studies and surveys birds have the ability to detect the wind turbines and anyway more research shows wind turbines have not reduced bird populations so much so that there will be a noticeable effect (unbalance in the food chain/eco system.). To get a further understanding of how the climate is changing scientists use a number of methods to obtain data they can evaluate and compare for more answers. For example the US Global Change Research Programme (USGCRP) publishes a National Climate Assessment which looks into how climate affects different regions of the US. It also observes the long/short term changes in climate and the ozone layer using satellites and monitoring icecaps melting and sea levels. It also aids scientists in predicting any future changes to the environment and if we are at risk of being vulnerable to natural disasters. For example; by studying these satellites that collect all this data scientists can observe change in conditions such as the rising of waters upstream to a village in Bangladesh. The satellite will take pictures from space and use their altimeter to measure the distance between itself and the river surface revealing the change in height of upstream locations and seeing as the data is near ly instant allows scientists to look at potential flooding risks downstream closer to the village ect. (6).  This recent method of using advanced technology is much more reliable and quicker than using a ground based network, taking into account how the ground network doesn’t extend as far upstream as the satellite and information isn’t as instant as the satellite. An example of a ground based network is the Flash Flood Early Warning System which was introduced in 2013 to give warnings to locals about an upcoming flash flood. However this service only provided a small amount of warning time (~3 hours) which is a very small amount of time compared to that the satellite can provide. Although this is not a prevention method it is the best scientists can do without interfering with the local towns or river path. Which would have an effect on the locals and their crops as the water source would either be diverted or be behind flooding barriers. An alternative method to renewable energy and a disaster forecast is the reconstruction of forests. Trees are responsible for absorbing Carbon Dioxide and converting it to Oxygen which then is released back into the atmosphere. However, in these past couple of decades deforestation has become a major industry and 12-15 million hectares of forest are lost each year  (7).  There are a number of reasons for this; making space for cattle farming, harvesting wood for fuel and illegal logging. This isn’t just harmful for our atmosphere but lots of animals are in danger or threatened because of their habitat being destroyed. So as an alternate method I think that scientists should look into claiming more forest as protected/private land and look into the replantation of forests where ever possible. Not to mention looking into cracking down on illegal activities in the forests (logging/hunting) and enforcing punishment. Although this may create a social implication, more so in tro pical isolated regions, as some small villages believe certain animal skin to be medicine and use the wood for heat and fuel, also only surviving on cattle and crops in the spaces where trees used to grow. Perhaps another suggestion would be roof top gardens in cities, which will create space for plants to photosynthesise and exchange carbon dioxide for more oxygen. Although the building would have to approve planning permission and would take a certain amount of time to grow, and would need a lot of care I think it would be an interesting method to try and reduce the carbon concentration in the atmosphere, interfering with the O-zone layer. Another alternate method that would greatly help with cutting humanities carbon emissions is if more people purchased and used electric cars. Electric cars do not produce tailpipe emissions and are much more eco-friendly, they have been introduced before but never really caught on as technology was lacking and there were limited charging places. Even now the battery life does not last as long as say a petrol fuelled car and the charging time takes so much longer than a simple refuel, but if scientists were to look into and experiment more with the concept and perhaps have a charging station at every petrol station people might begin to adapt to the idea and in turn lessen their carbon emissions. Although battery powered cars are considerably more expensive than the usual petrol/diesel ones, battery prices are beginning to decline, much like the solar panel prices. So maybe in the future it will catch on just as well as the panels. Bibliography 1)  http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ocean/critical-issues-sea-temperature-rise/ Sea Temperature Rise-National Geographic-Unknown author-Unknown date published- Date used 20/3/15 2) http://www.environmentlaw.org.uk/rte.asp?id=192 Human activities-Environment Law-Unknown author- Unknown date published- Date used 20/3/15 3) (Book) Man and The environment-Cambridge Social Biology Topics-Alan Cornwell-First published in 1983-date used 20/3/15 Because this book is quite old I can’t find much information or the book it’s self-there for I’m beginning to question its reliability mainly for the fact it’s 32 years old and a lot of advancement has been made in the past thirty years and climate and attitudes have also changed. However after lots of searching I found that the author was Head of the Science Division at Bulmershe College of Higher Education in Reading, Berkshire. It was published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge which leads me to believe that even though it is old it is accurate of its time and was valid and maybe still is valid today, as the author clearly had scientific knowledge and access to studies and information. It has lots of picture evidence as sources to back up their points and is very in depth, including diagrams of cycles and chemical equations of relevant reactions. Whilst researching and validating a table they had used in the Air pollutant section (pa ge 37) ‘Deaths Due to Urban Smog’ I decided to research the numbers and dates to see if they were similar. Looking at figures it is clear to see they were rounded to the nearest thousand (Place: London) and again London had many more deaths than New York or Belgium, which supported the table in the book. Over all I can conclude that this is quite a reliable source. 4) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113004370 Rural wind farm development: Social, environmental and economic features important to local residents-Science Direct-Theresa M. Grotha and Christine A. Vogtb- Date Published 23/9/13 –Date used 20/3/15 5) http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11935page=158 Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects (2007) (4 Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Humans)-National academic press- Us Research Council-Date published ~2007- Date used 20/3/15 I believe this to be a very reliable sauce for my discussion. It is a legal document put together by scientists from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine and is sponsored by the Executive Office of the President. It is a thorough document recording individual’s research and findings. Each department is tied to global warming in some way, the sciences exploring how climate is changing, engineering exploring ways to combat the speed of climate change and professors of medicine dealing with those affected by climate change, eg. Pollution sickness and short term treatments. Looking into some of the individual members who participated I can clearly see a range of people from different states which shows that their findings aren’t exclusive to just one area and aren’t biased from one person but have a range of opinions and points to discuss . The purpose of this report is to give an idea of the impact wind turbines have on the surrounding environment, in great detail. In checking the facts of the paper I came across this fact ‘In recent years, the growth of capacity to generate electricity from wind energy has been rapid, growing from almost none in 1980 to 11,603 megawatts (MW) in 2006 in the United States and about 60,000 MW in 2006 globally’ after a thorough search many other websites seemed to also have this data so I conclude that is a reliable source. 6) http://www.globalchange.gov/news/preparing-for-floods-satellite-data-servir-bangladesh preparing for Floods with Satellite Data: SERVIR in Bangladesh- globalchange.gov-Unknown author- 16/3/15 published- date used 20/3/15 7) http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_forests/deforestation/ Deforestation-WWF-Unknown author-Unknown date published-Date used 20/3/15

An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’

Achebe, Chinua. â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ‘Heart of Darkness'† Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in Heart of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, background and Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough, London: W. W Norton and Co. , 1988, pp. 251-261 In the fall of 1974 I was walking one day from the English Department at the University of Massachusetts to a parking lot. It was a fine autumn morning such as encouraged friendliness to passing strangers. Brisk youngsters were hurrying in all directions, many of them obviously freshmen in their first flush of enthusiasm.An older man going the same way as I turned and remarked to me how very young they came these days. I agreed. Then he asked me if I was a student too. I said no, I was a teacher. What did I teach? African literature. Now that was funny, he said, because he knew a fellow who taught the same thing, or perhaps it was African history, in a certain Community College not far from her e. It always surprised him, he went on to say, because he never had thought of Africa as having that kind of stuff, you know. By this time I was walking much faster. Oh well,† I heard him say finally, behind me: â€Å"I guess I have to take your course to find out. † A few weeks later I received two very touching letters from high school children in Yonkers, New York, who — bless their teacher — had just read Things Fall Apart . One of them was particularly happy to learn about the customs and superstitions of an African tribe. I propose to draw from these rather trivial encounters rather heavy conclusions which at first sight might seem somewhat out of proportion to them. But only, I hope, at first sight.The young fellow from Yonkers, perhaps partly on account of his age but I believe also for much deeper and more serious reasons, is obviously unaware that the life of his own tribesmen in Yonkers, New York, is full of odd customs and superstitions and, li ke everybody else in his culture, imagines that he needs a trip to Africa to encounter those things. The other person being fully my own age could not be excused on the grounds of his years. Ignorance might be a more likely reason; but here again I believe that something more willful than a mere lack of information was at work.For did not that erudite British historian and Regius Professor at Oxford, Hugh Trevor Roper, also pronounce that African history did not exist? If there is something in these utterances more than youthful inexperience, more than a lack of factual knowledge, what is it? Quite simply it is the desire — one might indeed say the need — in Western psychology to set Africa up as a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe's own state of spiritual grace will be manifest.This need is not new; which should relieve us all of considerable responsibility and perhaps make us even willing to l ook at this phenomenon dispassionately. I have neither the wish nor the competence to embark on the exercise with the tools of the social and biological sciences but more simply in the manner of a novelist responding to one famous book of European fiction: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness , which better than any other work that I know displays that Western desire and need which I have just referred to.Of course there are whole libraries of books devoted to the same purpose but most of them are so obvious and so crude that few people worry about them today. Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good storyteller into the bargain. His contribution therefore falls automatically into a different class — permanent literature — read and taught and constantly evaluated by serious academics. Heart of Darkness is indeed so secure today that a leading Conrad scholar has numbered it â€Å"among the half-dozen greatest short n ovels in the English language. I will return to this critical opinion in due course because it may seriously modify my earlier suppositions about who may or may not be guilty in some of the matters I will now raise. Heart of Darkness projects the image of Africa as â€Å"the other world,† the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man's vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant beastiality. The book opens on the River Thames, tranquil, resting, peacefully â€Å"at the decline of day after ages of good service done to the race that peopled its banks. But the actual story will take place on the River Congo, the very antithesis of the Thames. The River Congo is quite decidedly not a River Emeritus. It has rendered no service and enjoys no old-age pension. We are told that â€Å"Going up that river was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the world. † Is Conrad saying then that these two rivers are very di fferent, one good, the other bad? Yes, but that is not the real point. It is not the differentness that worries Conrad but the lurking hint of kinship, of common ancestry. For the Thames too â€Å"has been one of the dark places of the earth. It conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in daylight and at peace. But if it were to visit its primordial relative, the Congo, it would run the terrible risk of hearing grotesque echoes of its own forgotten darkness, and falling victim to an avenging recrudescence of the mindless frenzy of the first beginnings. These suggestive echoes comprise Conrad's famed evocation of the African atmosphere in Heart of Darkness . In the final consideration his method amounts to no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repetition of two antithetical sentences, one about silence and the other about frenzy.We can inspect samples of this on pages 36 and 37 of the present edition: a) it was the stillness of an implacable force brooding over an inscrutable intention and b) The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. Of course there is a judicious change of adjective from time to time, so that instead of inscrutable, for example, you might have unspeakable, even plain mysterious, etc. , etc. The eagle-eyed English critic F. R. Leavis drew attention long ago to Conrad's â€Å"adjectival insistence upon inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery. That insistence must not be dismissed lightly, as many Conrad critics have tended to do, as a mere stylistic flaw; for it raises serious questions of artistic good faith. When a writer while pretending to record scenes, incidents and their impact is in reality engaged in inducing hypnotic stupor in his readers through a bombardment of emotive words and other forms of trickery much more has to be at stake than stylistic felicity. Generally normal readers are well armed to detect and resist such under-hand activity.But Conrad chose his subject w ell — one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with the psychological predisposition of his readers or raise the need for him to contend with their resistance. He chose the role of purveyor of comforting myths. The most interesting and revealing passages in Heart of Darkness are, however, about people. I must crave the indulgence of my reader to quote almost a whole page from about the middle of the stop/when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the Congo encounter the denizens of Africa. We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.We could have fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance, to be subdued at the cost of profound anguish and of excessive toil. But suddenly as we struggled round a bend there would be a glimpse of rush walls, of peaked grass-roofs, a burst of yells, a whirl of black limbs, a mass of hands clapping, of feet stamping, of bodies swaying, of eyes rolling under the droop of heavy and motionless foliage. The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us — who could tell?We were cut off from the comprehension of our surroundings; we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. We could not understand because we were too far and could not remember, because we were traveling in the night of first ages, of those ages that are gone, leaving hardly a sign — and no memories. The earth seemed unearthly. We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there — there you could look at a thing monstrous and free. It was unearthly and the men were †¦. No they were not inhuman.Well, you know that was the worst of it — this suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They ho wled and leaped and spun and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you, was just the thought of their humanity — like yours — the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough, but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you — you so remote from the night of first ages — could comprehend.Herein lies the meaning of Heart of Darkness and the fascination it holds over the Western mind: â€Å"What thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity — like yours †¦. Ugly. † Having shown us Africa in the mass, Conrad then zeros in, half a page later, on a specific example, giving us one of his rare descriptions of an African who is not just limbs or rolling eyes: And between whiles I had to look after the savage who was fireman. He was an improved specimen; he could fire up a vertical boiler.He was there below me and, upon my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam-gauge and at the water-gauge with an evident effort of intrepidity — and he had filed his teeth too, the poor devil, and the wool of his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three ornamental scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge.As everybody knows, Conrad is a romantic on the side. He might not exactly admire savages clapping their hands and stamping their feet but they have at least the merit of being in their place, unlike this dog in a parody of breeches. For Conrad things being in their place is of the utmost importance. â€Å"Fine fellows — cannibals –in their place,† he tells us pointedly. Tragedy begins when things leave their accustomed place, like Europe leaving its safe stronghold between the policeman and the baker to like a peep into the heart of darkness.Before the story likes us into the Congo basin proper we are given this nice little vignette as an example of things in their place: Now and then a boat from the shore gave one a momentary contact with reality. It was paddled by black fellows. You could see from afar the white of their eyeballs glistening. They shouted, sang; their bodies streamed with perspiration; they had faces like grotesque masks — these chaps; but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of movement that was as natural and hue as the surf along their coast.They wanted no excuse for being there. They were a great comfort to look at. Towards the end of the story Conrad lavishes a whole page quite unexpectedly on a n African woman who has obviously been some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz and now presides (if I may be permitted a little liberty) like a formidable mystery over the inexorable imminence of his departure: She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent †¦. She stood looking at us without a stir and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose.This Amazon is drawn in considerable detail, albeit of a predictable nature, for two reasons. First, she is in her place and so can win Conrad's special brand of approval and second, she fulfills a structural requirement of the story: a savage counterpart to the refined, European woman who will step forth to end the story: She came forward all in black with a pale head, floating toward me in the dusk. She was in mourning †¦. She took both my hands in hers and murmured, â€Å"I had heard you were coming. â€Å"†¦ She had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering.The differ ence in the attitude of the novelist to these two women is conveyed in too many direct and subfile ways to need elaboration. But perhaps the most significant difference is the one implied in the author's bestowal of human expression to the one and the withholding of it from the other. It is clearly not part of Conrad's purpose to confer language on the â€Å"rudimentary souls† of Africa. In place of speech they made â€Å"a violent babble of uncouth sounds. † They â€Å"exchanged short grunting phrases† even among themselves. But most of the time they were too busy with their frenzy.There are two occasions in the book, however, when Conrad departs somewhat from his practice and confers speech, even English speech, on the savages. The first occurs when cannibalism gets the better of them: â€Å"Catch ‘im,† he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth — â€Å"catch ‘im. Give ‘im to us. † â€Å" To you, eh? † I asked; â€Å"what would you do with them? â€Å"Eat ‘im! † he said curtly. . . . The other occasion was the famous announcement:†Mistah Kurtz — he dead. † At first sight these instances might be mistaken for unexpected acts of generosity from Conrad.In reality they constitute some of his best assaults. In the case of the cannibals the incomprehensible grunts that had thus far served them for speech suddenly proved inadequate for Conrad's purpose of letting the European glimpse the unspeakable craving in their hearts. Weighing the necessity for consistency in the portrayal of the dumb brutes against the sensational advantages of securing their conviction by clear, unambiguous evidence issuing out of their own mouth Conrad chose the latter. As for the announcement of Mr.Kurtz's death by the â€Å"insolent black head in the doorway† what better or more appropriate finis could be written to the horror story of that wayward ch ild of civilization who willfully had given his soul to the powers of darkness and â€Å"taken a high seat amongst the devils of the land† than the proclamation of his physical death by the forces he had joined? It might be contended, of course, that the attitude to the African in Heart of Darkness is not Conrad's but that of his fictional narrator, Marlow, and that far from endorsing it Conrad might indeed be holding it up to irony and criticism.Certainly Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the moral universe of his history. He has, for example, a narrator behind a narrator. The primary narrator is Marlow but his account is given to us through the filter of a second, shadowy person. But if Conrad's intention is to draw a cordon sanitaire between himself and the moral and psychological malaise of his narrator his care seems to me totally wasted because he neglects to hint however subtly or tentatively at an alternative frame of reference by which we may judge the actions and opinions of his characters.It would not have been beyond Conrad's power to make that provision if he had thought it necessary. Marlow seems to me to enjoy Conrad's complete confidence — a feeling reinforced by the close similarities between their two careers. Marlow comes through to us not only as a witness of truth, but one holding those advanced and humane views appropriate to the English liberal tradition which required all Englishmen of decency to be deeply shocked by atrocities in Bulgaria or the Congo of King Leopold of the Belgians or wherever.Thus Marlow is able to toss out such bleeding-heart sentiments as these: They were dying slowly — it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts , lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest.The kind of liberalism espoused here by Marlow/Conrad touched all the best minds of the age in England, Europe and America. It took different forms in the minds of different people but almost always managed to sidestep the ultimate question of equality between white people and black people. That extraordinary missionary, Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes the ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: â€Å"The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother. And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the germ theory of disease came into being. Naturally he bec ame a sensation in Europe and America. Pilgrims flocked, and I believe still flock even after he has passed on, to witness the prodigious miracle in Lamberene, on the edge of the primeval forest. Conrad's liberalism would not take him quite as far as Schweitzer's, though. He would not use the word brother however qualified; the farthest he would go was kinship.When Marlow's African helmsman falls down with a spear in his heart he gives his white master one final disquieting look. And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory — like a claim of distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. It is important to note that Conrad, careful as ever with his words, is concerned not so much about distant kinship as about someone laying a claim on it. The black man lays a claim on the white man which is well-nigh intolerable. It is the laying of this claim which frightens and at the same time fascinates Conrad, â€Å"†¦ he thought of their humanity — like yours †¦. Ugly. † The point of my observations should be quite clear by now, namely that Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist. That this simple truth is glossed over in criticisms of his work is due to the fact that white racism against Africa is such a normal way of thinking that its manifestations go completely unremarked. Students of Heart of Darkness will often tell you that Conrad is concerned not so much with Africa as with the deterioration of one European mind caused by solitude and sickness.They will point out to you that Conrad is, if anything, less charitable to the Europeans in the story than he is to the natives, that the point of the story is to ridicule Europe's civilizing mission in Africa. A Conrad student informed me in Scotland that Africa is merely a setting for the disintegration of the mind of Mr. Kurtz. Which is partly the point. Africa as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human fa ctor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into which the wandering European enters at his peril.Can nobody see the preposterous and perverse arrogance in thus reducing Africa to the role of props for the break-up of one petty European mind? But that is not even the point. The real question is the dehumanization of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to foster in the world. And the question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art. My answer is: No, it cannot. I do not doubt Conrad's great talents.Even Heart of Darkness has its memorably good passages and moments: The reaches opened before us and closed behind, as if the forest had stepped leisurely across tile water to bar the way for our return. Its exploration of the minds of the European characters is often penetrating and full of insight. But all that ha s been more than fully discussed in the last fifty years. His obvious racism has, however, not been addressed. And it is high time it was! Conrad was born in 1857, the very year in which the first Anglican missionaries were arriving among my own people in Nigeria.It was certainly not his fault that he lived his life at a time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level. But even after due allowances have been made for all the influences of contemporary prejudice on his sensibility there remains still in Conrad's attitude a residue of antipathy to black people which his peculiar psychology alone can explain. His own account of his first encounter with a black man is very revealing: A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days.Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards. Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on blackness is equally interesting as when he gives us this brief description: A black figure stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms. . . . as though we might expect a black figure striding along on black legs to wave white arms! But so unrelenting is Conrad's obsession. As a matter of interest Conrad gives us in A Personal Record what amounts to a companion piece to the buck nigger of Haiti.At the age of sixteen Conrad encountered his first Englishman in Europe. He calls him â€Å"my unforgettable Englishman† and describes him in the following manner: â€Å"(his) calves exposed to the public gaze . . . dazzled the beholder by the splendor of their marble-like condition and their rich tone of young ivory. . . . The light of a headlong, exalted satisfaction with the world of men. . . illumined his face. . . and triumphant eyes. In passing he cast a glance of kindly curios ity and a friendly gleam of big, sound, shiny teeth. . . his white calves twinkled sturdily. Irrational love and irrational hate jostling together in the heart of that talented, tormented man. But whereas irrational love may at worst engender foolish acts of indiscretion, irrational hate can endanger the life of the community. Naturally Conrad is a dream for psychoanalytic critics. Perhaps the most detailed study of him in this direction is by Bernard C. Meyer, M. D. In his lengthy book Dr. Meyer follows every conceivable lead (and sometimes inconceivable ones) to explain Conrad. As an example he gives us long disquisitions on the significance of hair and hair-cutting in Conrad.And yet not even one word is spared for his attitude to black people. Not even the discussion of Conrad's antisemitism was enough to spark off in Dr. Meyer's mind those other dark and explosive thoughts. Which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must regard the kind of racism displayed by Co nrad absolutely normal despite the profoundly important work done by Frantz Fanon in the psychiatric hospitals of French Algeria. Whatever Conrad's problems were, you might say he is now safely dead. Quite true. Unfortunately his heart of darkness plagues us still.Which is why an offensive and deplorable book can be described by a serious scholar as â€Å"among the half dozen greatest short novels in the English language. † And why it is today the most commonly prescribed novel in twentieth-century literature courses in English Departments of American universities. There are two probable grounds on which what I have aid so far may be contested. The first is that it is no concern of fiction to please people about whom it is written. I will go along with that. But I am not talking about pleasing people.I am talking about a book which parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices and insults from which a section of mankind has suffered untold agonies and atrocities in the past a nd continues to do so in many ways and many places today. I am talking about a story in which the very humanity of black people is called in question. Secondly, I may be challenged on the grounds of actuality. Conrad, after all, did sail down the Congo in 1890 when my own father was still a babe in arms. How could I stand up more than fifty years after his death and purport to contradict him?My answer is that as a sensible man I will not accept just any traveler's tales solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself. I will not trust the evidence even off man's very eyes when I suspect them to be as jaundiced as Conrad's. And we also happen to know that Conrad was, in the words of his biographer, Bernard C. Meyer, â€Å"notoriously inaccurate in the rendering of his own history. † But more important by far is the abundant testimony about Conrad's savages which we could gather if we were so inclined from other sources and which might lead us to think that these people must have had other occupations besides erging into the evil forest or materializing out of it simply to plague Marlow and his dispirited band. For as it happened, soon after Conrad had written his book an event of far greater consequence was taking place in the art world of Europe. This is how Frank Willett, a British art historian, describes it: Gaugin had gone to Tahiti, the most extravagant individual act of turning to a non-European culture in the decades immediately before and after 1900, when European artists were avid for new artistic experiences, but it was only about 1904-5 that African art began to make its distinctive impact.One piece is still identifiable; it is a mask that had been given to Maurice Vlaminck in 1905. He records that Derain was ‘speechless' and ‘stunned' when he saw it, bought it from Vlaminck and in turn showed it to Picasso and Matisse, who were also greatly affected by it. Ambroise Vollard then borrowed it and had it cast in bronze. . . The revolution of twentieth century art was under way! The mask in question was made by other savages living just north of Conrad's River Congo. They have a name too: the Fang people, and are without a doubt among the world's greatest masters of the sculptured form.The event Frank Willett is referring to marks the beginning of cubism and the infusion of new life into European art, which had run completely out of strength. The point of all this is to suggest that Conrad's picture of the people of the Congo seems grossly inadequate even at the height of their subjection to the ravages of King Leopold's lnternational Association for the Civilization of Central Africa. Travelers with closed minds can tell us little except about themselves. But even those not blinkered, like Conrad with xenophobia, can be astonishing blind.Let me digress a little here. One of the greatest and most intrepid travelers of all time, Marco Polo, journeyed to the Far East from the Mediterranean in the thi rteenth century and spent twenty years in the court of Kublai Khan in China. On his return to Venice he set down in his book entitled Description of the World his impressions of the peoples and places and customs he had seen. But there were at least two extraordinary omissions in his account. He said nothing about the art of printing, unknown as yet in Europe but in full flower in China.He either did not notice it at all or if he did, failed to see what use Europe could possibly have for it. Whatever the reason, Europe had to wait another hundred years for Gutenberg. But even more spectacular was Marco Polo's omission of any reference to the Great Wall of China nearly 4,000 miles long and already more than 1,000 years old at the time of his visit. Again, he may not have seen it; but the Great Wall of China is the only structure built by man which is visible from the moon! Indeed travelers can be blind. As I said earlier Conrad did not originate the image of Africa which we find in h is book.It was and is the dominant image of Africa in the Western imagination and Conrad merely brought the peculiar gifts of his own mind to bear on it. For reasons which can certainly use close psychological inquiry the West seems to suffer deep anxieties about the precariousness of its civilization and to have a need for constant reassurance by comparison with Africa. If Europe, advancing in civilization, could cast a backward glance periodically at Africa trapped in primordial barbarity it could say with faith and feeling: There go I but for the grace of God.Africa is to Europe as the picture is to Dorian Gray — a carrier onto whom the master unloads his physical and moral deformities so that he may go forward, erect and immaculate. Consequently Africa is something to be avoided just as the picture has to be hidden away to safeguard the man's jeopardous integrity. Keep away from Africa, or else! Mr. Kurtz of Heart of Darkness should have heeded that warning and the prowli ng horror in his heart would have kept its place, chained to its lair. But he foolishly exposed himself to the wild irresistible allure of the jungle and lo! he darkness found him out. In my original conception of this essay I had thought to conclude it nicely on an appropriately positive note in which I would suggest from my privileged position in African and Western cultures some advantages the West might derive from Africa once it rid its mind of old prejudices and began to look at Africa not through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications but quite simply as a continent of people — not angels, but not rudimentary souls either — just people, often highly gifted people and often strikingly successful in their enterprise with life and society.But as I thought more about the stereotype image, about its grip and pervasiveness, about the willful tenacity with which the West holds it to its heart; when I thought of the West's television and cinema and newspapers, a bout books read in its schools and out of school, of churches preaching to empty pews about the need to send help to the heathen in Africa, I realized that no easy optimism was possible. And there was, in any case, something totally wrong in offering bribes to the West in return for its good opinion of Africa. Ultimately the abandonment of unwholesome thoughts must be its own and only reward.Although I have used the word willful a few times here to characterize the West's view of Africa, it may well be that what is happening at this stage is more akin to reflex action than calculated malice. Which does not make the situation more but less hopeful. The Christian Science Monitor, a paper more enlightened than most, once carried an interesting article written by its Education Editor on the serious psychological and learning problems faced by little children who speak one language at home and then go to school where something else is spoken.It was a wide-ranging article taking in Spanis h-speaking children in America, the children of migrant Italian workers in Germany, the quadrilingual phenomenon in Malaysia, and so on. And all this while the article speaks unequivocally about language. But then out of the blue sky comes this: In London there is an enormous immigration of children who speak Indian or Nigerian dialects, or some other native language. I believe that the introduction of dialects which is technically erroneous in the context is almost a reflex action caused by an instinctive desire of the writer to downgrade the discussion to the level of Africa and India.And this is quite comparable to Conrad's withholding of language from his rudimentary souls. Language is too grand for these chaps; let's give them dialects! In all this business a lot of violence is inevitably done not only to the image of despised peoples but even to words, the very tools of possible redress. Look at the phrase native language in the Science Monitor excerpt. Surely the only native language possible in London is Cockney English. But our writer means something else — something appropriate to the sounds Indians and Africans make!Although the work of redressing which needs to be done may appear too daunting, I believe it is not one day too soon to begin. Conrad saw and condemned the evil of imperial exploitation but was strangely unaware of the racism on which it sharpened its iron tooth. But the victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the inhumanity it makes them heir to have always known better than any casual visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.

The American Sniper By Chris Kyle - 1307 Words

Alize Elsea AP English 11 â€Å"Al-Shaitan† â€Å"The American Sniper† by Chris Kyle is an account of the deadliest American sniper ever. He was called â€Å"the devil† by the enemies he hunted and â€Å"the legend† by his Navy SEAL brothers. From 1999 to 2009, U.S. Navy SEAL Chris Kyle recorded the most career sniper kills in United States military history. The Pentagon has officially confirmed more than 150 of Kyle s kills (the previous American record was 109). Iraqi insurgents feared Kyle so much they named him Al-Shaitan meaning â€Å"the devil† and placed a bounty on his head. Kyle earned†¦show more content†¦Later on and after school, Kyle became a professional bronco rodeo rider, but his profession ended abruptly when he severely injured his arm. After his arm healed, he went to a military recruiting office, interested in joining the United States Marine Corps (USMC). A Navy recruiter told him about the Navy SEALS. Kyle signed up, but was rejected because of the pins in his arm. A l ittle while later, he received a call and he had the chance to go to BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition SEAL school), and finally joining the United States Navy in 1999. After 9/11, he was thrust onto the front lines of the War on Terror, and soon found his calling as a world-class sniper who performed best under fire. Is Chris Kyle immoral based off of his actions? There are two primary views that rise from this question. The first argument claims that Chris Kyle’s actions are immoral because of his military service. The first reason is that military service, such that Kyle served in, does not allow us to exercise our moral freedom as human beings. One 20th century thinker wrote a book entitled â€Å"Moral Man, Immoral Society,† pointing out that people are often corrupted when they apart of institutions that pressure them to act in ways they might not choose to act as individuals. In comparison no military organization could operate if it respected human moral indepe ndence, that is, the capacity of individuals to take full responsibility for their

The management of a virtual organisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3525 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Stanford University classmate Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded HP in 1939. The companys first product, bill in a Palo Alto garage, was an audio oscillator-an electronic test instrument use by sound engineers. One of HPs first customers was Walt Disney Studios, which purchase eigh oscillators to develop and test an innovative sound system for the movie Mission Provide a collaborative community where HP Indigo customers, HP subject matter experts industry and other selected thought leaders share knowledge that leads to: Increased profit and revenue for owners Improve productivity for operators enhance value for HP products and services Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The management of a virtual organisation" essay for you Create order Vision To lead the graphic arts industry as the best source for HP Indigo, Scitex and DesignJet customers to maximize value and grow their business. Vision and strategy At HP, they diversity is key driver of his success. Putting all his difference to work across the world is a continuous journey fueled by personal leadership from everyone in his company. Our aspiration is that the behaviors and action that support diversity and inclusion will come from the convication of every HP employee-making diversity and inclusion a conscious part of how we run our business throughout the world. Diversity and inclusion are woven into the of our company. HP Values Originally put in writing in 1989 by David Packard, HP values are the centerpiece of the Hewlett-Packard way. Hewlett-Packards stated values are not uniquely different from most major companies. What makes the HP Way unique, though is the seriousness with which value are treated as a management tool. They are not spread by sloganeering, but serve as criteria for daily decision-making and advancement. Brought to life as well as Hewlett-Packard does the HP way, value based management lifts everyone above trivial concerns to focus on those that truly important. Culture Hewlett-Packard Vice President and Chief Ethics and Compliance officer Jon Hoak talked about renewing H-Ps commitment to a integrity at a meeting with members of the Business and organizational Ethics Partnership at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics The HP workers were participate in the company with stock options and even paid additional premiums when the HP was successful-today known as profit sharing. These measures served to identify the employees with their work and encourage them. Seiko UK Limited: History: Seiko UK Limited is the wholly-owned UK subsidiary of Seiko Watch Corporation of Tokyo, Japan and has operated from the Maidenhead site since 1985. Their brands include Seiko, Pulsar and Lorus watches and Seiko clocks. In addition Seiko UK is the UK distributors for Nike Timing, Disney watches and Morellato watch straps and bracelets. Since its establishment in 1881, SEIKO CORPORATION has continuously built a reputation for precision, reliability and excellence in advancing technology. SEIKO has launched many epoch-making products in the world. SEIKOs cutting edge innovations make it possible to create wonderful worlds first products. Seikos Vision: The most technologically advanced craftsmanship in the world. They were allowed to use any movement, or build new ones. They had the freedom to explore any design direction and seek new inspiration wherever they chose. A collection that expresses SEIKOs dedication to infinite perfection. Cultural Values: Seikos image and positioning in Japan is not the same as its image and positioning around the world. Seiko is doing business all around the world. They work in different countries according the culture. Seiko operates in many countries so they have to keep a tab on all the countries needs. Since it operates in different countries it has to take into consideration every countrys individual needs. To make this possible Seiko strive to anticipate and understand their needs and delight them with the services. It values its customers above everything else and aspire to make their lives richer, more fulfilled and more connected. They always listen and respond to each of their customers. Seiko strive to delight their customers, anticipating their needs and deliver greater quality and more value, faster than anyone else blowing their minds with the experiences they deliver everywhere in the world. Managing across different cultures: Management strategy adopted by Seiko is same in all the countries. Managers across cultures have to make sure that each and all the employees are fairly treated and there must be no discrimination in the staff. Managers across cultures have their own way of managing staff or employees by creating a working environment that encourages initiative and satisfaction at work. Managers across cultures are attentive and well prepared in welcoming new employees. Every member of staff is well trained with diligence in respect of both the tasks and the role. Samsung HISTORY The Samsung group was founded in 1938 by Lee Byung-chull.it was incorporated in 1951.it was incorporated in 1951 as Samsung corporation. The meaning of the Korean word Samsung is tristar or three stars. Samsung Electronics was found in 1969 in Suwon, South Korea as Samsung Electric Industry originally manufacturing electronic appliances such as TVs, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washers. By 1981 the company had manufactured over 10 million black and white TVs/ in 1988 it merged with Samsung semiconductor communications. VISION Samsung vision that through technology innovation today, we will find the solution we need to address the challenges of tomorrow. From .technology comes opportunity for business to grow, for citizens in emerging market to prosper by typing into digital economy and for people to invent new possibilities. CULTURE VALUES: Samsung doing business worldwide, Samsung is not multinational company but also multicultural. Samsung are offering different product according to its customer need. It encourages its manager it gains experience working in different countries. International rotation is a key part of their Inspire programmed for employees with potential. MANAGING ACROSS DIFFRENT CULTURES: Samsung believe that employee diversity is a business. Samsung is make product acceding to consumer need. They have strategy to improve diversity and inclusion across the group. It product is quit chip with good quality, customer are easily understand system. Samsung manger are increasing has to work in the international and malty culture environments. Same times cross culture challenges do have negative impact on customer Samsung electronics is the global market leader in more than 60 products. Samsung beliefs employee diversity is an asset to their business. Men and women of variou age from different backgrounds and cultures, with a range of different experiences, help Samsung understand and serve their customer around the world TASK-2 HP Today, HP is making good reputation in the world. HP and its product and after selling his product they are provide good service.sich as hp employ effective employee performance management practices. Hoak said that give the proud tradition of values at Hewlett-Packard, sometimes called the HP way, this pretexting scandal was a special embarrassment. Employees felt theyd been betrayed he said but the incident was a wake-up call to be thinking about the importance of ethics. Creation cultures (like most startups) depend on individual brilliance and favor acts of creation in them are motivated by competition-within the company and also with external players. Competence cultures, similarly, look to individual, brilliant drivers of outcomes, but the people in them are motivated by competition- within the company and also with external players. Collaboration cultures take teamwork for granted, and indeed, cant conceive of doing anything without a team or group sensibility. At their best, they thrive on collaboration with customer to produce useful outcome. Loose, informal structures suit people in collaboration cultures just fine. Control cultures, while similarly group oriented, tend to drive things from well- planned activity and rely on hierarchies to get things done. Making plan and orderly are big values in such cultures. Pedagogical Objective The case study provides insights to understand and analyze :- The significance of organizational culture Impact of organizational culture on the performance of a company Effect of mergers and acquisitions on the organization culture of a firm Whether and acquisitions will work for HP in long run. Visible culture of HP: Staff Uniforms Company logo Connecting people slogan Mobile phone series Invisible culture of HP: Expressed values, such as the HP way Respect for other Customer focused Achievement Continuous learning Seiko UK Limited: Seiko: Seiko is a major player in the watch manufacturing industry. It has manufactured citizen watch, Movado watch, Cartier watch, watchdog, watch movies, hurricane watch, luxury watch, fossil watch and many more. Each of the watch manufactured by them relates to some cultural figure. One of the major reason for its sale is that it manufactures different kinds of watches keeping in mind the different cultural needs of its customers. Thats the success story of Seiko. Seiko manufactures watches according to the countries. Recently they have manufactured watches for china. It was called Chinese watches specially designed for the Chinese people. Seiko takes care of all the countries while making the watches. And thats what Seiko is famous for. SAMSUNG Samsung culture: Entrepreneurial Profit focused Decisive Different from other Invisible culture: Beliefs Values Attitudes Assumptions Feelings Creativity, collaboration and excellence are the hallmarks of leadership at Samsung. By attracting the worlds most talented manager and continuously evolving our companys culture to support them, and improve the everyday lives of our customers. Samsung has redesigned itself to make better consumer electronics. The company is leering from other industries as well as user research. Samsung share a love of sports that transcends different cultures, industries and technologies said IS Kim, President and CEO of Samsung Electronics Europe. Samsungs world class cutting-edge design and technical skills is the perfect match for customer want sporting excellence. Together, we can help sports enthusiasts of all ages and abilities to unleash their true potential and have fun doing it. Samsung paling majored role in electronic item, it product it also good, customer are satisfied with Samsung product. The company offer best p roduct according to the customer requirement. Samsung is leering from other industries as well as user research. Not only has the traditional Confucian hierarch given way, but designers are winning the battle with engineers to things to do thing the way people want them to. Samsung always try to introduce new product which consumer want. They design same thing new, with latest feature, and also offer chipset price, that the main rations customer are like Samsung. Samsung is comprised of companies that are setting new standards in a wide range of businesses from consumer electronics to petrochemicals, people and businesses around the world. Samsung doing the business harems the power of the digital revolution to create groundbreaking products and services that take consumers and businesses beyond imagination. Samsung Electronic makes an effort to develop environment friendly product that minimizing to environment. TASK-3 Implement sound management practice in a virtual organisation. Virtual Organization The new virtual organization would be the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. It is the management of behaviours, interaction, norms, personal, and professional connection though which work gets done and relationship are built among people who share a common organization affiliation or cluster of affiliation. It consist of a dynamic set of personal relationship, social networks communities of common interest emotional sources of motivation. The key characteristics of the virtual organization include: evolving consultancy grass roots dynamic and responsive excellent at motivation requires insider knowledge to be seen flat and fluid NETWEB ELITE SOLUTIONS Netweb elite solution has a truly unique perspective on providing e business solutions. We view truly world-class e business solutions to be an important touchpoint in your overall comprehensive marketing strategy. They are designed and implemented to act as part of that overall system, whether they be for e commerce, knowledge dissemination, or promotional purposes. OUR METHODOLOGY Our methodology for achiving world-class e business solutions is called enables us to build e business solutions that focus on your marketing and business challenges. KUB LTD KUB Provides a one-shop for business and organisation who have a problem and need cost effective professional help from independent management consultants to resolve it. KUB ltd is an independent marketing organisation for independent consultants. Why pay huge day rates only to end up working with a junior? Why not work with professionals who have years of experience and a deep understanding of what business needs in this highly competitive climate? TASK-4 What is communication? The term communication covers just about any interaction with another person. It includes sharing information, ideas and feelings between people. Communication is a two way process. When you communicate you perceive the other persons responses and react with your own thoughts and feelings. It is only by paying attention to the other person that you have any idea what to say or do next. When good communication is missing, health professionals cam misunderstand or be ignorant of patients need and expectation, furthermore patients may not understand their and the choices available to them. You can probably think of many occasions when lack of communication has left you feeling angry or worried. When people are ill, vulnerable or coping with bereavement the effects of poor communication can result in more than minor irritation. Every year the health service receives many complaints from patients about poor or luck of communication from the nurses and doctors. Importance of communication. Paul Roberts is a client director with internal communication company Business and Brand Engagement. He believes that when it comes to motivation their staff, too many managers overlook the role of effective communication. Demotivated staffs fall into two group: Those who are committed to the cause the cause but dont know what they are doing and those who have great intellectual energy but lack commitment Build clear understanding of your companys objectives and you will get more of an emotional commitment to the business, consequenty productivity should rise, he says. Remotivating the demotivated also means giving regular feedback on the progress of the company itself to staff through meeting and emails from the CEO. You also need to give staff the chance to give their feedback to you and their managers. Apart from helping they feel involved with the business it is also enlightening for the management who get to hear things straight from the coalface. Ian Buckingham; p artner at internal communication firm Smythe Dorward Lambert, says that for maximum effect you need to maximize face to face communication between management and staff this is easier in smaller businesses, where the entrepreneur who started the company tends to be more visible, and offers day-to-day leadership. Dont forget to talk to people, particularly during difficult trading conditions such as now. When organization comes under financial pressure, managers tend to disappear into offices, but they must keep communication. Effective Communication Strategy Summary   Face-to-Face Telephone Written Pace  · Nonverbal (physiology, and appearance, paralanguage)  · Vocabulary  · Values, beliefs, and criteria  · Voice (tone, pitch, and rate of speech)  · Context and expectation  · Vocabulary  · Values, beliefs, and criteria  · Format and appearance  · Context and expectations  · Vocabulary  · Values, beliefs, and criteria Lead  ·Nonverbal (change posture or voice tone, rate, or pitch.  · Vocabulary (new words, especially sense-based)  · Values, beliefs, criteria (reframe use counterexamples, or reverse presuppositions)  · Voice (tone, rate, pitch)  · Questions (content and structure)  · Explanations and reasons  · Values, beliefs, and criteria (reframe, counter- example, reverse presuppositions)  · Explanations and reasons  · Reader orientation (you- attitude)  · Questions  · Values, beliefs, and criteria (reframe, counter- example, reverse presuppositions) Blend  · Create win-win solutions  · Develop new options  · Clarify values  · Maintain relationship  · Create win-win solutions  · Develop new options  · Clarify values  · Maintain relationship  · Create win-win solutions  · Develop new options  · Clarify values  · Maintain relationship Motivate  · Futurepace  · Clarify who does what next  · Solicit commitment  · Watch for congruence  · Maintain relationship  · Futurepace  · Clarify who does what next  · Solicit commitment  · Listen for congruence  · Maintain relationship  · Futurepace  · Clarify who does what next  · Solicit commitment  · Make action easy  · Maintai Effective communication process Communication is the process of sharing thoughts, ideas, and emotions with others, and having those thoughts, ideas, and emotions understood. You need a sender, a message, and a receiver for communication to take place. Here some other things that helps communication to be effective: Attention- the sender needs to pay attention to what he/she id trying to communication, and choose the best words and body language to communicate with, the receiver needs to pay attention to what in being communicated by listening and wathing. Attitude- Both sender and receiver need to have a positive attitude. They should want to communicate, and be willing to work to see that communication can take place. Using negative or blaming words show a poor attitude-using I messages and trying to understand the others point shows a good attitude Feedback- Both sender and receiver can give feedback to each other, either by using words or by body language. This helps to show whether the communication is being understood correctly or not Classification of emoticons and how they affect online communication I tend to think of emoticons as the visual aspect of online communication that gives us emotional cues. There are two broad categories of emotional messages that an emoticon can carry: positive or negative. Each has its own use in online communication and I will try to explain them in more specific detail here. A more detailed classification would be: Emotion sharing emoticons-positive/negative. (  ,  ,  ,  ,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  etc.) Cue emoticons (,,  ,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  etc.) Ornamental emoticons (all custom/animated emoticons) However, bear in mind that because of the widespread and careless use of emoticons these days, certain smilies have almost zero emotional content while certain other non-standard emoticons just serve as amusement value for the end users and dont have much effect in delivering emotional messages. Standard emoticons are generally more effective because they are visually simple and have a direct relation to facia l expressions of different kinds. Many of my explanation are based on subjective analysis and experience and have no backing by objective research. But with experience, I am sure many forum users will agree that emoticons are definitely an important aspect of online communication. TASK-5 Furniture is a composite which contains several sort furniture-chairs, table,bed and so on-which uses and dimensions that have only little in common (apart from the fact that a set of furniture that is intended to be used together is often designed as a group) Accordingly, the body of knowledge concerning contains relatively independent segments that we could call a theory of table While operating globally furniture works should take care of the environment as well. In fact environment should be of top priority. Furniture works should take care of the market in different countries it operates. It should make an analysis of market segmentation and accordingly it should operate in the countries. It should also introduce a collection of furniture with a distinctively modern flair. Innovative ideas should be adopted by furniture works. No all the furniture will work in all the countries. Different countries have different styles, dà ©cor and designs. Accordingly furniture works sho uld first study the market and then design and style the products which will attract potential customers. Furniture works policy should be kept simple which is to put people close, enabling to give them the highest quality support and services in local languages and time zones. It should keep in mind the customs regulation to identify any boycotted materials which are not allowed in the destination country. It can attain a copy of the latest customs regulation Furniture belongs to those products that function as a second skin of people in the same sense as clothes, cars and home. Furniture associated closely with its user or owner, and when selecting furniture the owner can define the picture that other people shall have of him or her .what people want to say about themselves, depends above all of the local social structure. Half of the children solved a global-level task (animals-furniture), followed by a basic-level task (either dogs-birds, or chairs-tables) during eac h session. The other half received the basic-level task only. During familiarisation, all infants freely explored a series of four different exemplars from the same category presented one at a time. Infants saw all objects twice, for a total of eight trials. During the test phase, a new exemplar from the familiar category was presented, followed by a different-category exemplar. At 8 months of age, children discriminated between categories in the global-level task, but failed to do so in the basic-level task. At 12 months of age, infants recognised a category change in the basic-level task, but treated both test items as equally new in the global-level task. These findings support the hypothesis that infants younger than 1 year of age show a global-to-basic-level shift in category formation. CONCLUSION Business success requires the ability to know your strengths and weaknesses. Being open and honest about yourself and your business creates growth as an individual and as a company. Business in opportunity focused is help in business growth. To achieve business success, look at both sides of the coin. Every problem has an opportunity. Being opportunity focused makes the game of business fun and energizing. Productivity is the cornerstone of business success. Productivity can be enhanced by technology, automation, outsourcing, and improving business processes. Business success requires the habit of balancing all aspects of your life. Separating time for daily business task, profit driven tasks, and free time is habit that will make your business and life more enjoyable. Take the time to plan each week.

Essay on Literary Analysis The Red Convertible

When reading literature we often attempt to use particular threads of thought or lenses of critique to gain entry into the implied historic or legendary nature of literature. To accurately process a tale in the light in which it is presented, we have to consider the text from multiple viewpoints. We must take into consideration intentional and affective fallacies and the socioeconomic circumstances of the presenter/author/narrator. We also have to consider how our personal experience creates bias by placing the elements of the story into the web of relationships that we use to interpret the external world. There also is the need to factor in other external pressures, from societal norms, cultural ideals, and psychological themes, and how†¦show more content†¦Other stories, perceived as unrealistic, often are posited so because they contain elements we do not see in the real world; metaphoric fantasy, symbolism, abstractness. These concepts are all based on our own filters o f perception – we discern what is historically accurate and what is legend, or myth, based on our position in culture and the lenses which we view ourselves. In â€Å"The Red Convertible†, we can see these concepts at play – Lyman, narrating the story of the relationship with his brother Henry, tells a story that flows very effortlessly. Things that happen around him seem to brush off of him, as if they are no big deal. An example of this is when the brothers are watching the television Lyman purchased, as it is an example of how Lyman uses defenses to repress the reality of what is occurring to his brother and subsequently their relationship. Rather than experience the shock of Henry biting through his tongue, he ascribes all of the reasoning to the objects surrounding them – in essence he removes the difficulty of actual experiencing the trauma he sees, instead creating a mythical representation of the reality he is experiencing. That he goes to attack the television after seeing the blood on Henry’s lip demonstrates an example of displacement, as he is taking his anger out on something he sees as the cause of trauma, ratherShow MoreRelatedThe Red Convertible By Louise Erdrich931 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story â€Å"The Red Convertible,† by Louise Erdrich, there are multiple literary devices used throughout. However, Erdrich most commonly utilizes theme and symbolism. She uses certain themes throughout most of her work, as noted by Keri L. Overall in a literary analysis. â€Å"Indeed, the themes of Erdrich’s stories range from the effects of war on families and personal identity to loss of heritage and family and personal relationships.† Erdrich also employs the use of symbolism in this storyRead More India Risk Analysis Essay3459 Words   |  14 Pagesto recognize these opportunities to gain Foreign Direct Investment by realigning government policy towards new business potential. 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Male vs Female Friendships Free Essays

Male vs Female Friendships BY sf0409928 Male Vs. Female Friendships How different is a friendship with a woman from the one with a man? What do you prefer? Are they the same kind of friendship or does it depend on the person? I have my own opinions to compare and contrast about these two kinds of friendships, such as confidence, places to go out and the way of thinking. Confidence is very important to establish in a friendship. We will write a custom essay sample on Male vs Female Friendships or any similar topic only for you Order Now Confessing something is difficult but when you have someone important who can listen to you and give you ome advice is great. I think most women tend to criticize you or be more gossipy with what you tell them. On the other hand, men are more reliable with your secrets and most of the time listen to you without criticizing. Another important aspect to consider is the places to go out. I think I have more options with female friends than with male friends. With female friends you can go shopping, since girls can shop forever with no problem. Also girls can go to clubs ogether and get discounts on drinks, Just because they are women. A male friend doesn’t like to shop as much as females. One advantage is you can go to clubs with men and never feel alone, because he is always going to be taking care of you. The way of thinking influences so much in a friendship. Most women think with their hearts and always try to give you the best advice. Men on the other hand, are more blunt. They will tell you exactly how they feel even if it’s going to hurt your eelings. The one thing to remember is that a true friend will always tell you the truth. I think women and men both make excellent friends. It depends on the situation your in whether you want to chill with men or women at the time. Depending on what you want to do or want to talk about is when you will make that decision. Just remember good friends are hard to come by. Whether they are male or female Just remember the happiness that he or she brings into your life. How to cite Male vs Female Friendships, Papers

Labor Market Trends - Employer of Choice - and Staff turnover

Question: Describe about the Labor Market Trends, Employer of Choice, and Staff turnover? Answer: It is very important for every business to understand the importance of labor market trends so that the organizations growth can be planned accordingly. Labor market will help the organization to understand the below things. Certain skills are very rare so if an organization is planning to hire people with those skills then they will face difficulty. At the same time, the available resources in the market would charge lucrative salary or wages. In the UK, acquiring employees for construction industry is one of the most difficult things to do. In the past, there were government apprenticeships schemes, which help the employers from construction industry to acquire the required set of people. Today, government is motivating the youth to undertake higher studies, and hence, there is a scarcity of people who are willing to work in the construction industry (Chen 2014). Location also creates an impact on the availability of skills. Employees are willing to work in certain locations as compared to that of the other locations. The mining industries, which are located in Yorkshire and South Wales, faces a lot of complexities in acquiring people for the vacant positions in the organizations. On the other end, there are locations, wherein people are overwhelming to be a part of it (Serban 2015). Labor force trends in different countries contexts The population of the nation creates a great impact on the availability of labor. If the youth population in the nation is very high then the country need not be worried about the lack of availability of skills. On the other end, if the aging population is more then this is not a good sign for the employers as the employers will have a tough time in hiring employees. Looking at the population growth, it can be said that the population was developing nation is growing continuously, but the case is not same with developed nations. According to the United Nations Population research report, the world population was 7 billion in 2011, and is expected to reach 9 million by 2050. This population will exceed more than 10 billion by the end of 2100, but the fact is that the population growth is not equally divided among all the nations (Chen 2013). The population growth in developing nations is higher than that of population growth in developed nations. The population of developed nation is 1.24 billion in 2011, and it will grow only to 1.34 billion in 2100. Europe and Japan has noticed that there is a steady decline in the fertility rates, and at the same time, the existing population is also aging. Spain, Italy and Germanys population is expected to reduce further by 15 to 25 percent. Countries like United States, Great Britain, Australia, and Canada i s safe because of the growing immigration population from developing nations (Harding 2013). Tightening and loosening marketing trends Off shoring is one of the keys trends which are being followed by the developed nations. With the growing population, the developing countries are trying to urbanize so that they can avail the best of education. Increase in educational qualification allows them to take them off shoring opportunities that are available in the developed nations. Most of the white collar jobs in the US are outsourced to developing nations (Ciuhureanu 2014). IT Outsourcing, and Business Process Outsourcing are the two common jobs which have been outsourced to developing nations from most of the developed nations. In the past, these tasks were completed by college graduates, but today, the number of graduates is less as compared to that of the work which needs to be completed. On the other end, there are jobs like that of accounting, engineering and finance, which cannot be undertaken by people from developing nations or any other for that market. The US taxation system cannot be well understood and imple mented by a student from Chinese or Indian university. The employer should identify the tasks that can be outsourced in a developing nation, and the tasks which will have to be completed by the local people only. The increasing number of organizations is giving a tough time to the multinationals which are present in developed countries like that of the US, and the UK. In the past, increasing number of graduates was willing to work in developed nations, but that is not the situation anymore. The number of multinationals in developed nations is acquiring the educated youth for the betterment of their nation, and hence, the developed nations are no more a desired destination for many graduates. In 2011, the ten largest economies of Asia spend around $399 billion on research and development, and the US economy spare $400 billion for the same research and development. The graduates who are willing to work in research and development need not be dependent on the developed nations as now they can get the desired job in their own country (Cipollone 2014). Role of government, employers and trade unions The government should understand the future needs of the employers and accordingly come up with new educational courses so that the young generation is employable. If the young generation continues to study the outdated information then they may be unemployed. The employers will have to ensure that the employees are updated with the technologies that will be used in the organization. Continuous training and on-the-job training will help the employees to grow further and stay updated with the market requirements. The trade unions should support the various training programs which are prevalent in the organization. They should accept the fact that the organization is willing to grow with the existing employees and it is a good sign. Summary Looking at the current labor trend, it can be said that the labor need of developed nation is dependent on the developing nations. People in the developed nations are willing to take up jobs that match their educational qualification. If a construction industry is looking for manpower then they will be available with overqualified graduates, who are not able to find an opportunity matching to their qualifications. These graduates will take up an opportunity in construction industry, but simultaneously, they will look for an opportunity in the open market so that they can find something that best matches with their educational qualification (Aurora 2013). The population of developing nations is increasing, and the population of developed nation is getting stagnated. Due to this, the management of organizations will have to outsource many white collar tasks to the developing nation. Similarly, there are plenty of multinationals, and hence, the youth from different corners of the world arent willing to migrate to developed nations. The management of the organization will have to track the daily activities in the organization. Accordingly, they should decide on the tasks that can be outsourced, and also the tasks that will have to be completed by the local people. This report will help the CEO to understand the hiring that they need to do. It is always financially feasible to outsource the tasks rather than getting it done by paying extra (Giovanni 2014). Strengths and weaknesses of labor market competitors There are plenty of organizations which are competing for the same labors that are available in the market. Two such competitors are Starbucks and McDonalds. The strengths and weaknesses of each of the competitor are elaborated below. Strengths of Starbucks Weaknesses of Starbucks Starbucks holds a reputation name in the market and hence, employees are willing to be a part of Starbucks In the past, Starbucks was offering great remuneration to the employees but now, the remuneration and also the employee benefits have reduced. More than 13000 employees are associated with the organization The employees have to work for long hours and that is disliked by many employees because the employees arent paid sufficient for the overtime that we do. Strengths of McDonalds Weaknesses of McDonalds The employees in trained and groomed to meet the organizational requirements. This makes them better and employable. Long working hours is a problem in McDonalds. Many a times, the employees are tired of the long working hours. The employees in the organization are offered internal growth. This allows the employees to improve so that they can reach the managerial designation quickly. Lack of incentives of the employees doesnt motivate the employee to perform better or stay longer. Employer of choice What is employer of choice? Being employer of the choice is not a random thing that has happened to organization overnight. Organizations will have to put in lot of efforts so that they can achieve this tag of being the employer of choice. Employer of choice means the employer has created an environment wherein employees are willing to work, and at the same time, the organizations should promise a long-lasting career to the employees. Employees prefer to work with en employer of choice organization because they believe that they can gain better experience in terms of training, perks, salary, incentives, development, opportunities and purpose for being. In the past, having a gym and daycare center was great deal, but today, this has become a very basic thing, and hence, employees expect more than that. Employees want to feel motivated and engaged throughout the day so that they can achieve a sense of satisfaction (Jacques 2013). Why to be employer of choice There are various advantages of being an employer of choice, and hence, plenty of organizations are trying hard to achieve that tagline. Few of the advantages of being an employer of choice are as follows- Employees, across the globe, are willing to be a part of an organization which is termed as employer of choice. The potential employees will themselves come to the employer, looking for an opportunity. The organization need not invest much of cost in recruiting and marketing about the open vacancies in the organization. The organization will have the best of employees, and hence, they can be rest assured that the productivity in the organization would be more. Apart from that, the senior employees will take care of the new resources. Employees in the organization become more productive when they decide to stay with the organization for longer period. The employees prefer to stay with employer of choice because of the continued benefits that they receive from the organization. These employees will understand the organizations suppliers and vendors. This will help the vendors and suppliers to be more connected with the organization (Bellou 2015). Finding better people will be an easy task for the employer of choice. Lot of people will apply for the open positions in the organization, and these applicants would be from the best of lot available. The mediocre employees will be skeptical about applying with the employer of choice, and hence, the resumes received for vacant positions would be better (Maas 2014). How to be the employer of choice? The organization will have to undertake various activities so that they can be termed as the employer of choice. Few of the strategies that can be undertaken by an organization to achieve the employer of choice position are as follows: - Employee engagement is one of the important things that need to be undertaken by the organization. All the employees in the organization are engaged at all point of time. The management of the organization will have to come up with creative ways by which the employees are completely occupied. The immediate managers should personally know the employees so that the employees can be understood better, and simply retained. Employees expect the employers to reward them so that they can feel good about their association with the organization. The employers should benchmark their reward system against the standard market rates so that the employers can pay them better than that of the other companies (Geisel 2013). Succession planning needs to be undertaken by the organizations so that the organization can get in more youngsters. The management of employer of choice will have to help employees plan about their complete life (Brown 2014). Positioning as employer of the choice Different organizations have been named as employer of choice because of various reasons. Few of the reasons due to which employers are named as the employer of choice are discussed below. Time and again, Google has proved that it is a desired employer for lot of employees. Google ensures that they care of the employee needs. Google offers a variety of breakfast, lunch, and dinner (if the employees stay late). Google campus has coffee bars and juice bars as well (Dafny 2013). The employees believe that this helps them to enjoy good food in the office area, and they also get to know their colleagues better. Googles management believes that this saves their time, and hence, the productivity of employees also increases. Google provides travel insurance and emergency assistance to all its employees. This is applicable to employees even when they are on personal vacation (Clark 2014). Apple is known in the market for the best perks that they offer to the employees. All the employees at Apple are given an option to choose from the wide range of options that the organization has to offer. These benefits are offered to part-time employees as well. There are plenty of benefits like 401K, flexible spending for childcare, medical expenses, and others. Apple employees are given discounts on the Apple product that we buy (McDevitt 2014). Staff turnover Why employees leave organization? There are various reasons due to which employees look for job change rather than continuing with the same organization. Few of the reasons due to which the employees leave the organization are as follows: - Compensation is one of the biggest concerns for most of the employees. Employees decide to leave the organization so that they can get paid well, in some other organization. This will help them to take care of their financial requirements better (Swarnalatha 2014). If an employee feels that the growth opportunities in a particular organization are lesser then they will start looking for a change in their job. Initially an employee may be willing to work as a software developer, but later, they will be willing to move to managerial role rather than continuing as a software developer for the rest of the life. If they feel that in this particular organization, they will not be able to grow then they will look for organizations that offer them growth (Schulthesis 2015). If the employee feels that they are not getting what they expected from the job then the employees may leave the job. In many cases, it happens that if the software developers are put in maintenance project for a long time period then they start looking for a change. Software developers look for fresh projects wherein they can do the basic coding rather than just correcting the codes which have been already written (Deery 2015). If there is no work-life balance then the employees will start looking for an opportunity. Many employers believes that keeping employees busy and occupied is one of the best ways by which they can be retained, but this cannot be proven to be right at all point of time. If the employees are staying late in the evenings, on all days, then slowly and steadily, they will start looking for an opportunity outside (McCann 2013). Costs associated with dysfunctional employee turnover The dysfunctional employee turnover needs to be avoided by the employer at any cost so that they can save the organization from the loss that they would make. Few of the costs associated with dysfunctional employee turnover are as follows: - Dysfunctional employees can directly create an impact on the profit that the organization makes so this can create an impact on the revenue generated by the organization. Create an impact on the existing workforce as they might be losing their best team member, colleague or mentor. The employee turnover of the organization can be calculated using the below formula. Yearly turnover rate = (Number of employees who left the organization in a year/Average number of employees in the year) X 100 (Anna 2013) Approaches to retaining talent If an organization thinks that there are plenty of potential employees available in the open market, and hence, retention of employees is not much important then the organization is thinking on the wrong track. There are various reasons due to which retention needs to be undertaken by the organization. Few of the reasons on importance of retention are as follows: - The cost of turnover is higher, and this needs to be understood by the employer. When an employee is higher, the organization spends money on recruitment. On the other end, an employee in the organization is given lot of training, and the organization invests lot of efforts in them so when an employee leaves the organization, the expenses are costs which cannot be recovered (Derek 2013). An employee in the organization is aware of plenty of things that are happening in the organization. When an employee leaves the organization, he takes all the company knowledge with him (Kalsbeek 2013). Excess attrition in the organization means that the organization is not a great place to work. Potential employees will not be willing to be associated with the organization. This can spoil the reputation of the organization among the employees. A new employee who comes in the organization will take some time to settle in the new environment, and hence, there would be an interruption in the services that are provided by the organization to the customer. The new employee will take some time to understand the organization, the environment, and also the customers. This time period is very crucial (Spittle 2013). Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches of employee retention Each of the strategy used by the organization to retain the employee has its own strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses are few of the strategies are discussed below. Paying an employee above the market standards is one of the common strategies used by employers. In this case the organization pays the employee so that the employee can stay with the employer for a longer time period. The organization is paying more than the market standard and hence, the employee will expect more from the organization. Apart from that, always there would be some or other organization which is willing to hire these employees. Training the employees is another strategy used by organization to retain the employees. These employees may leave the organization once the training program is complete so this can considered as a loss to the organization. With the help of appropriate training, the performance of the employee is improved and hence, this is a positive sign. References Anna, I, 2013, Dealing with alternatively organized workers: Recruitment and retention strategies among Danish Shop Stewards, Nordic Journal of working life studies, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 85-89 Aurora, A, 2013, Trends in labor market participation and fertility behavior: a first look to the Italian experience in recent, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 125-148 Bellou, V, 2015, Employer of choice: does gender matter? Gender in Management: An international journal, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 613-634 Brown, A, 2014, Employer of Choice failing general staff, Agenda, vol. 22, pp. 27-32 Cipollone, A, 2014, Female Labor market participation in Europe: Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors, IZA Journal of European labor studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-40 Ciuhureanu, A, 2014, Identification of labor market trends from the perspective of the competencies and the skills requested as well as the recruitment sources used by the employees from the Centre Development region, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 19-30 Clark, R, 2014, The effects of retiree health insurance plan characteristics on retirees choice and employers cost, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 119-129 Chen, W, 2013, Demographic or labor market trends, OECD Journal Economic studies, vol. 2013, no. 1, pp. 179-207 Chen, W, 2014, Demographic or labor trends: What determines the distribution of household earnings in OECD countries? OECD Journal: Economic studies, pp. 179-207 Dafny, L, 2013, Let them have Choice: Gains from shifting away from employer-sponsored health insurance and toward an individual exchange, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 32-58 Deery, M, 2015, Revisiting talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies, International journal of contemporary hospitality management, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 453-472 Derek, S, 2013, Recruitment and Retention strategies for Hospital laboratory Personnel in Urban and Rural Settings, Clinical Laboratory Science, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 10-17 Geisel, J, 2013, Firms face hard health cover choices; some employers may offer health insurance, despite mandate delay, vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 1-7 Giovanni, B, 2014, Trend Inflation, the labor market edge, and the non-vertical Philips Curve, Journal of Policy Modeling, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1022-1035 Harding, S, 2013, Trends in Mortality by labor market position around retirement ages in three European countries with different welfare regimes, International journal of public health, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 99-108 Jacques, A, 2013, Becoming an employer of choice from inside out, Public relations tactics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 13-19 Kalsbeek, D, 2013, Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Promise, New Directions for higher education, vol. 2013, no. 161, pp. 49-57 Maas, I. 2014, Employers choice Selection through job advertisements in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 36, pp. 49-68 McCann, J, 2013, Effective Recruitment and Retention strategies in community health groups, Health promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 104-110 McDevitt, R, 2014, Risk Selection into consumer-directed health plans: An analysis of family choices with large employers, Health service research, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 609-627 Swarnalatha, C, 2014, Employee Retention Strategies, Golden Research Thoughts, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1-3 Schulthesis, S, 2015, Expanding the Admissions Mission to include retention strategies, Strategic enrolment Management Quarter, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 18-28 Spittle, B, 2013, Reframing Retention Strategy: A Focus on Progress, New Directions for Higher Education, vol. 2013, no. 161, pp. 27-37 Serban, A, 2015, Current demographic trends A new challenge for the labor marker, Theoretical and Applied Economics, no. 4, pp. 309-320